The impact of a small increase in the tonnes of high-arsenic concentrates is illustrated in Fig. 10.28 Because of the more than tenfold higher arsenic units per unit of concentrate, what appears to be a small increase in the amount of high-arsenic concentrates forecast in Mayhew et al.28 almost doubles the arsenic units at smelting. …
Some mining operations with high arsenic in concentrate have installed roasters to remove arsenic before the concentrate is shipped to reduce the effect of the penalties (Smith et al., 1985). Despite its problems, a certain amount of arsenic in the copper anodes aids copper refining by reducing floating slimes in electrorefining cells.
During bioleaching of nickel concentrate, the highest yields (nickel 60 %, cobalt 49 %) were achieved with the starting pH 1.8 when also iron (28 %) and arsenic (33 %) yields were the highest. At starting pH 3.0, all metal yields (nickel 31 %, cobalt 31 %, iron 12 % and arsenic 11 %) were lower than with starting pH 1.8.
In shake flasks, nickel and cobalt were over 99% dissolved from a nickel-rich flotation concentrate (NFC) and an arsenic rich flotation concentrate (GFC) around pH 3.0. During bioleaching of NFC (10% pulp density), arsenic remained below 20 mg/l and dissolved iron reached a maximum of 3.6 g/l.
Roasting treatments were investigated to remove arsenic from a nickel concentrate. The main arsenic minerals and their proportions in the concentrate were niccolite (NiAs)-50%, gersdorffite (NiAsS)-40% and arsenopyrite (FeAsS)-10%. Thermal analysis showed that gersdorffite and niccolite began decomposing when heated above …
the concentrate. The percentages for the AMV can be considerably less once realisation costs are taken into account, particularly for mines in remote locations. This chapter deals with the estimation of revenue derived from a variety of mineral products. Realisation costs and general matters related to smelter terms and the sale of
Arsenic is one of the most hazardous pollutants for both environment and human health [1, 2], generated from the mining activity for processing of different ores such as lead, zinc, copper, gold, and nickel [3,4,5].Therefore, arsenic should be captured and stabilized by strict control to prevent any destructive effects in the environment [6, 7].As …
It is commonly known that copper smelter terms include penalties if the concentrations of elements, such as arsenic, mercury and fluorine, exceed stipulated limits. It is less commonly known that the behaviour of these elements in the smelters can depend on the processes used to treat the concentrate. The principle behind the penalties is to …
Abnormal flux balances may affect the situation; in fact, one smelter assesses a small penalty for iron and another penalizes silica in excess of 35%. The …
The extraction of nickel (Ni) from sulfide resources commences with flotation to produce a concentrate which is then smelted to produce a nickel-enriched phase called matte, and further refined to ...
Arsenic minerals can induce crippling penalties at the smelter, if they are not well characterised and kept out of the nickel sulphide concentrate. To illustrate the accuracy of the scanning results, they are compared to …
Download Table | Typical copper smelter penalty element costs. from publication: The Application and Economics of Industrial Alkaline Leaching of Copper Enargite Concentrates | As demand for ...
Two different flotation concentrates were trialed for bioleaching that differed in terms of their nickel and arsenic contents, the first concentrate graded 10.5% Ni and 1.3% As and was obtained as a by-product of talc processing, the second concentrate was produced from reverse flotation of the first concentrate and graded 14.3% Ni and 15.4% …
Arsenic is often associated with copper, nickel and gold in sulphide deposits. This paper describes a two-stage high-temperature fluid bed reactor for the removal and fixation of As from ores and ...
At the same time, the market-determined price penalties on arsenic rich concentrates are rising ... tonne of concentrate per 1% of arsenic. Strategies used by miners to avoid the price penalties ...
Objective: Niccolite, a rare nickel arsenide mineral, has emerged as a promising source for nickel extraction. However, its processing is limited and often associated with toxicity concerns.
2. Chemical Form, Properties and Sources of Nickel Compounds. Nickel (Ni; atomic number 28, atomic weight 58.6934; density 8908 kg/m 3; melting point 1455 °C; boiling point 2913 °C; electronic configuration [Ar] 3d 8 4s 2) belongs to group 10 of periodic table along with iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum and five other elements.Nickel is the …
The onus is to move back to concentrate producers to remove toxic elements, such as arsenic, earlier in the concentrate supply chain. The common copper–arsenic bearing minerals in copper ores, enargite (Cu 3 AsS 4 ) and tennantite (Cu 12 As 4 S 13 ), contain significant amounts of copper; 48.4% and 51.6% respectively.
The U.S. Government (USGS) sees a better way saying: "The development of awaruite deposits in other parts of Canada may help alleviate any prolonged shortage of nickel concentrate. Awaruite, a ...
The main features of fluid bed roasters are described. The key process requirements for arsenic removal from metal concentrates (copper and nickel) and ores (gold) by roasting are summarized from ...
Leaching of the same finely ground copper-nickel concentrate using thermophilic archaea at 77°C and pH 1.3–1.4 resulted in extraction of 92% of the Cu …
ISO 13547-2:2014 specifies an acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) method for the determination of the mass fraction of arsenic in copper, lead, zinc, and nickel sulfide concentrates as follows: for copper sulfide concentrates, the method is applicable to the determination of mass fractions of arsenic …
Awaruite has the potential to be concentrated in a unique and valuable nickel concentrate of distinctive characteristics including its very high nickel content, which lowers both the downstream costs and the carbon intensity. ... the negligible content of sulphur and penalty trace elements, such as mercury, antimony, and arsenic in a …
The Nickel West Kalgoorlie Smelter (NKS) treats a blended nickel sulphide concentrate from multiple ore bodies containing a high portion of magnesia in an …
The primary function of flash smelting is upgrading sulphide concentrate through oxidation then removal of impurities (primarily FeO, SO 2 and MgO) by separation of the slag and gas phases from the enriched sulphide stream (nickel matte) at temperatures in excess of 1300 °C. Flux must be added to allow the formation of a …
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This thesis will focus on the separation of the deleterious elements, also known as penalty elements, mainly bismuth and arsenic from a copper concentrate using froth flotation techniques. The ability to separate penalty elements from copper concentrates will directly benefit mining companies by creating a final copper concentrate that will ...
Metallurgical facilities' penalties may be significant. For example, at the Samatosum copper-silver-gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, the mill produced copper concentrates that contained so much arsenic and antimony that the NSRs of the ore were reduced by up to 50% (Goldie 2022).. Because of its high arsenic content, the …